Print ISSN 1516-3598
R. Bras. Zootec. vol.36 in the,3 Viçosa May/June 2007
AQÜICULTURA
Reduction of the protein of the diet on the basis of the ideal protein concept stops tilápias-of - the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) created in tank-net
Ideal Dietary protein reduction based on protein concept will be Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net pens
Daniele Botaro I; Wilson Massamitu Furuya II; Lilian Carolina Rosa Silva III; Lilian Dena of Saints IV; Tarcila Souza de Castro Silva V; Vivian Gomes of Saints V
IDoutoranda of the Program of After-graduation in Ambient Biofísica, IBCCF - Federal University of Rio De Janeiro
IIDepartamento de Zootecnia - State University of Maringá, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Maringá-PR
IIIDoutoranda of the Program of After-graduation in Zootecnia - State University of Maringá, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Maringá-PR
IVMestranda of the Program of After-graduation in Zootecnia - State University of Maringá, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Maringá-PR
VMestranda of the Program of After-graduation in Animal Nutrition of the UNESP-FMVZ - Botucatu/SP
SUMMARY
The
performance of tilápias-of was evaluated - Nile (Oreochromis niloticus)
created in tank-net and fed with diets I contend 27,0 (control); 25,2; 24,3 and
22.7% of digestible protein. Crystalline amino acids (L-lisina, DL-metionina
and L-treonina) had been added to the diet considering the ideal protein
concept and simulating the amino acid profile of the diet it has controlled.
The fish (34,63±19 g) had been fed manually with isoenergéticas diets (3,075
kcal of energy digestível/kg of diet) until apparent saciedade, three times to
the day, during 91 days. A delineation entirely casualizado was used, with four
treatments, three repetitions and 25 fish/experimental unit. Effect of the
digestible protein levels had not been observed on the profit of weight, the
alimentary conversion, the tax of protéica efficiency, the weight of the
eviscerada carcass, the income of carcass, the weight and the income of filé,
the survival and the hematócrito. It had quadratic effect of the digestible
protein levels on the consumption; the biggest value was esteem for the diet
contends 24.41% of digestible protein and excreção of nitrogen, in which
optimum resulted esteem it was gotten with fish that had received the diet
contend 24.92% of PD. With the reduction in the digestible protein levels,
linear increase in the nitrogen retention was observed. It is possible to
reduce the digestible protein level, of 27 (29.1% of PB) for 24,3% (26.6% of
PB), in diets stops tilápias-of - the Nile created in tank-net. This reduction
must be made by means of the suplementação of amino acids (on the basis of the
ideal protein concept), considering the performance and the cost of dieta/kg
profit in filé.
Word-key: amino acids, excreção of
nitrogen, ideal protein
ABSTRACT
This
study was carried out you evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia, cultured in
net pens, and fed diets containing 27,0 (control), 25,2, 24,3, and 22,7% of
digestible protein. Amino Crystalline acids (L-lysine, DL-methionine and
L-threonine) were added you keep amino acid levels according you the ideal
protein profile and you simulate amino acid levels of the control diet. Fish
(34.63±1.19 g) were hand-fed one of the four isoenergetic (3,075 kcal of
digestible energy/kg, fed basis) experimental diets until apparent satiation,
three 90 teamses day during days. Completely randomized design with four
treatments, three replicates and 25 fishes to per experimental unit was
utilized. In effects of dietary digestible protein levels on weight gain, feed
conversion, protein efficiency ratio, empty carcass weight, carcass yield,
fillet weight and yield, survival, and hematocrit were observed. It was observed
quadratic effect on feed intake and nitrogen excretion, wich increased up you
the 24,41 and 24,92% of dietary digestible protein, respectively. The reduction
of digestible protein levels resulted in linear increase of nitrogen retention.
It was concluded that it is possible you reduce the dietary digestible protein
from (29,1% 27,0 of CP) you (26,6% the 24,3% of CP) in amino acid supplemented
diets (based on ideal protein concept), will be juvenile Nile tilapia, cultured
in net pens, without opposites effects on growth performance, carcass yield and
composition, hematological parameters and cost of diet/kg of fillet gain.
Key
Words: amino
acid, ideal protein, nitrogen excretion
Introduction
Tilápia-of
- Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the species most promising for
the piscicultura, for the fast growth in intensive system, for the rusticidade
and possessing meat with good organolépticas characteristics and filé without
thorns intramusculares. The increase in the productivity of this species
requires balanced diets, therefore the natural food is not capable to take care
of to the requirements of the fish, mainly when created in tank-net and raceways,
where the raised biomass for area and the deficiencies or the desbalanços of
nutrients can cause losses of productivity and, consequently, minor economic
return.
In the
diets of the fish, the protein is the item that more influences the production
cost. Formulated diets on the basis of the PB can present superior content of
amino acids to the demanded one for the animals, that do not possess protein
requirement, but of an adequate ratio of amino acids for the formation of
muscular protein and other corporal proteins.
The
protein requirement for the tilápia has been determined for diverse authors.
Pezzato et al. (1986) and Silva et al. (1989), in experiments with alevinos of
tilápia-of - the Nile, they had found requirements of 28 and 34% of PB,
respectively. Al Hafedh (1999), evaluating different protein levels in four
phases of growth of this species, had determined requirement of 30% of PB for
these fish in the adult phase. Furuya et al. (2000) and El-Saidy & Gaber
(2005) had evidenced requirement of 32 and 25% of PB, respectively, for
youthful alevinos and of this species.
With the
intention to reduce the protein content in diets for fish, nutritionists have
searched alternative protein sources and/or the suplementação of amino acids in
the synthetic form. The results gotten with synthetic amino acids seem to be
narrowly related to used foods, its levels of inclusion and the nutricional
value of its amino acids (Sadiku & Jauncey, 1995). Thus, the synthetic
amino acids must be used for attainment of diets with adjusted ratio of amino
acids, of form to maximize the use of the protein of the diet.
In
formulated diets on the basis of the protein of the soy bran, the improvement
in the performance only occurs when the lisina is supplemented together with
other essential amino acids, as observed in tilápias-of - the Nile for Odum
& Ejike (1991) and Furuya et al. (2004a); in salmon-of - Atlantic (Salmo
to salar) for Olli et al. (1995) and Berge et al. (2002); e in the trout
rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for Davies & Morris (1997) and
Yamamoto et al. (2005).
The
formularization of diets with lesser protéico level by means of the
suplementação of synthetic amino acids makes possible the formularization of
diets with values next to the requirements to the fish. The relation between
amino acids is basic for the best efficiency of use of the dietary protein.
The ideal
protein concept praises the accurate amino acid rocking, using the lisina as
amino acid reference and establishing its ratio in relation to too much
essential amino acids, of form if to get an ideal amino acid profile that takes
care of to the requirements of maintenance and production of the fish. The
application of this concept can be adapted to a variety of situations,
therefore despite the absolute amino acid requirements can move for diverse
reasons, the ratios practically remain steady.
The use
of the ideal protein concept can reduce the protein content in the diets, the
costs of production and the excreção of nitrogen for the fish, one of the
nutrients most pollutant in the aquatic way, mainly in the intensive creations.
This work
was carried through with the objective to evaluate the reduction of the protein
level in diets stops tilápias-of - the created Nile in tank-net, by means of
the application of the ideal protein concept, on the basis of the performance,
in the hematológicas characteristics and the economic analysis.
Material
and Methods
The
experiment was carried through by means of the State University of Maringá, in
the Hikari mansion, Paiçandu - PR, the period of January the April of 2004.
4,000
alevinos approximately reverted, with alive weight of 0,5±0,1 g, originated of
the Piscicultura Araucária Belmonte, Rolândia-PR, had been distributed in three
hapas of nylon (mesh of 2 mm), with useful unitary volume of 6 m3, during two
months, where they had been fed with farelada commercial diet, with 32% of PB.
Three
hundred fish with initial weight of 34,63±1,19 g had been selected manually in
accordance with the weight and distributed in 12 tank-net constructed with mesh
of 12 mm (wire multifilament 210/24) with 1,2 x 1,0 2,0 x m and 2,0 unitary
useful volume of m3. The tanks had been covered with polyethylene net for
protection against birds.
Four
diets (Table 1) formulated
with different níves of digestible protein had been evaluated: 27,0 = diet has
controlled with 27,0% of digestible protein, supplemented with amino acids in
order to present the lisina relation/essential amino acids (metionina, metionina
+ cistina and treonina) determined by Santiago & Lovell (1988) for the
tilápias; 25,2 = diet with 25,2% of digestible protein (reduction of 5% in the
digestible protein content), with same amount and ratio of amino acids of the
diet has controlled; 24,3 = diet with 24,3% of digestible protein (reduction of
10% in the digestible protein content), with same amount and ratio of amino
acids of the diet has controlled; 22,7 = diet with 22,7% of digestible protein
(reduction of 15% in the digestible protein content), with same amount and
ratio of amino acids of the diet has controlled. The diets had been balanced in
accordance with the values of protein and digestible amino acids determined by
Furuya et al. (2001).
.png)
.png)
ll the
ingredients had been worn out until equal or inferior diameter 0,50 mm. The
diets had been granulated (diameter of 4 mm) by means of extrusor in the
Experimental Farm of Iguatemi - FEI and dehydrated in greenhouse of ventilation
forced 50ºC during 8 hours. The total daily ration was distributed three
times/day, to the 8, 12 and 18h, by means of manual arraçoamento until apparent
saciedade, when more capture and regurgitação of granules for the fish had not
been observed.
All the
fish had been weighed in digital scale (0.01 g) at the beginning and to the end
of the experiment for determination of the profit of weight, the alimentary
conversion and the taxes of protéica efficiency and survival. After pesagem,
five fish of each experimental unit had been returned to the respective tanks
for posterior hematológica analysis. The too much fish had been conditioned in
isothermal box with ice and eviscerados for analyses of the characteristics of
carcass (weight of the eviscerada carcass, weight of filés and income of filé)
and of the hepatossomático index.
The
carcass income was calculated as the reason enters the weight of the eviscerada
carcass and 24-hour the alive weight after jejum, while the income of filés
corresponded to the reason enters the weight of filés and the alive weight of the
animal. The hepatossomático index was determined as the reason enters the
weight of the liver and the alive weight of the fish.
For the
hematológicas analyses, five fish had been used/repetition to the end of the
experimental period. The fish had been anestesiados (benzocaína, 1 g/15 L of
water) e, after complete desensitization, were carried through collection of
blood for punção of the vein volume with syringe of 3 mL bathed with
anticoagulant EDTA 3%. The hemoglobina concentration was determined by the
method of the cianometahemoglobina, having used itself commercial kit
Hemoglobina Analisa Diagnóstica®, for colorimétrica determination in
espectrofotômetro of atomic absorption. The hematócrito was gotten by the
method of the microhematócrito. The above-mentioned 0 variable had been
evaluated using the described techniques for Jain (1986). The samples of blood
had been centrifugadas the 3,000 rpm, during five minutes, for reading in table
of % of hematócrito. The analyses had been carried through in the Laboratory of
Nutrition of Animal of the Department of Zootecnia of the State University of
Maringá.
To each
four days, had been taken the measures of temperature (8 and 16h), pH and
dissolved oxygen (mg/L) of the water of the tank. The data had been gotten
using portable digital kit.
For
determination of the digestibilidade coefficients, 15 tilápias-of - the Nile of
the lot kept in hapas in the same tank-net had been used, with average weight
of 132,5±13,3 g. The tilápias had been kept in two fibre glass aquariums, with
useful volume of 180 L for the excrement collection.
The
system was kept under constant aeration by means of porous rock connected a
central puffer, to keep the oxygen enters 4 the 6 mg/L. The temperature of the
water was kept between 25 and 27ºC. These parameters had been surveyed daily,
to the 8 and 17h, in portable digital oximeter for reading of the dissolved
oxygen and the temperature.
The water
renewal of the aquariums of excrement collection was made daily (8h30 and
17h30) using it water proceeding from a 1.000 reservoir of L with water kept in
the same conditions of the aquariums of digestibilidade. The fish had been
arraçoados daily of the 7 to 9h and the 13 to 17h, manually, until apparent
saciedade.
For
determination of the CDA, the diets used in the performance experiment worn out
and had been added of 0,1% of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as indicating, being
peletizadas in manual mill and dehydrated in greenhouse of forced ventilation
50ºC, as recommended for Pezzato et al. (2002).
Excrement
collection was carried through daily to the the 8 and 17h, during five days, to
form one pool of samples of each aquarium, that was considered
repetition. For the diet exchange, an interval of five days for adaptation was
established. The collected material was dehydrated in greenhouse of forced
ventilation (55ºC, during 48 hours), being triturated in mill knife, identified
and stored in coolant for posterior analysis.
The
coefficients of digestibilidade of energy and PB of the diets had been determined
in accordance with the expression proposal for Nose (1960).
The
nitrogen retention was calculated in accordance with the expression:
.png)
where:
ERN = efficiency of nitrogen retention (%); Nf = final nitrogen (%); Pf = final
weight (g); Ni = initial nitrogen (%); Pi = initial weight (g); Nc = consumed
nitrogen (g).
The
excreção of fecal nitrogen was determined according to expression:
.png)
For
determination of the excreção of the N, the PB of the diet was converted into N
and the value of PB of the diet, divided for 6,25.
The
analyses chemistry-bromatológicas of the diets, the carcasses and excrements
had been carried through in the Laboratory of Food Analysis of the Department
of Zootecnia of the State University of Maringá - UEM, as described methodology
for Silva & Queiroz (2002).
The data
had been submitted to the analyses of variance and polynomial regression, by
means of program SAEG - Systems of Statistical and Genetic Analyses (Euclydes,
1983).
Results
and Quarrel
The
average values gotten for the temperature and the dissolved oxygen of the water
of the tank-net had been 28,55±1,72ºC and 5,72±1,09 mg/L, respectively. The
parameters had inside remained of the band recommended for Popma & Green
(1990) for adjusted performance of tilápias.
In Table 2 the average
values of performance of tilápias-of meet - Nile created in tank-net fed with
diets I contend different digestible protein levels.
.png)
It did not have effect of the reduction of the digestible protein levels on the profit of weight, the alimentary conversion, the tax of protéica efficiency, the weight of the eviscerada carcass, the income of carcass and the weight and income of filé. Mortality during the experimental period was not observed.
The
adequate suplementação of amino acids made possible the reduction of the
digestible protein content of the diets and it did not affect the profit of
weight of the fish, indicating that the adequate amino acid profile was capable
to take care of to the requirement of this species. The fish fed with the diet
I contend 25,2 and 24.3% of digestible protein had gotten increase of 10,13 and
6,51% in the weight profit, respectively, in relation to those fed with the
diet have controlled. It is standed out that, with the use of the diet with
lesser value of digestible protein, the weight profit was similar to the profit
of the fish fed with the diet has controlled (27% PD).
Kim
(1997), in study carried through with the trout rainbow, evaluated diets with
10, 15, 20, 25 and 35% of PB and observed linear increase (P<0,05) in the
profit of weight of the fish fed with the diet contends 25% of PB supplemented
with arginine and synthetic metionina. In experiment with the same species,
Cheng et al. (2003) they had used protein source of supplemented vegetal origin
with amino acids and had observed that the fish fed with the diet with 37% of
PB supplemented with synthetic amino acids had presented greater tax of growth
in comparison to those fed with diet contend 42% of PB and same values of
lisina, metionina, treonina and triptofano. These authors had told despite the
diet with bigger level of lisina (1.8%) promoted greater crescimentos of the
fish.
The
gotten data of alimentary conversion in this study differ from the described
ones for Webb & Gatlin (2003), when evaluating levels of 35 and 45% of PB
and protein forms (unbroken and supplemented with amino acids) for “red drum” (Sciacrops
ocellatus). Divergem still of the results gotten for Berge et al. (2002),
in study with salmon-of - the Atlantic one, in which they had evaluated the
requirements of lisina and arginine and had noticed improvement in the
alimentary conversion of the fish fed with the diet supplemented with synthetic
amino acid.
With the
reduction in the digestible protein levels, quadratic effect (P<0,05) of the
digestible protein level was observed in the consumption, being esteem value of
24,41% of PD for the biggest food consumption (Figure 1).
.png)
Yamamoto
et al. (2005) they had observed reduction in the consumption in experiment with
trout rainbow fed with diets with lesser protéico value. In this study, the
biggest consumption was related to the biggest profit of weight, therefore the
alimentary conversion practically remained constant in the fish fed with the
diets with 27; 25,2 and 24.3% of PD.
Effect of
the treatments on the tax of protéica efficiency was not observed. On the other
hand, it had linear increase (P<0,05) of the retention of nitrogen to the
measure that if reduced the digestible protein content (Figure 2).
.png)
The amino
acid rocking is important for the maximum exploitation of the protein for the
fish. The results of nitrogen retention in this study differ from gotten for
Yamada et al. (1981), Cowey & Walton (1989) and Schumacher et al. (1997),
that they had questioned the efficiency of use of synthetic amino acids for the
fish, the fast rise of synthetic amino acids in the plasmáticos levels and for
the losses for catabolismo (Plakas & Katayama, 1981; You wall et al., 1985).
Another
factor that can influence the use of synthetic amino acids for the fish is
related to the high leaching tax, as observed by Zarate & Lovell (1997),
that they had after evidenced leaching of 13% of the synthetic lisina of the
diet 15 seconds the contact with the water, while only 2% of on lisina to the
protein were leached. In this research, bigger frequency of arraçoamento was
adopted (3 times/day) to prevent the fast rise in the plasmáticos levels of
lisina, metionina and treonina and to increase the efficiency of use of the
protein. The same it was observed by Tantikitti & March (1995) and Berge et
al. (2002), respectively, in works carried through with the trout rainbow and
the one salmon-of - the Atlantic one.
The
relations energy: protein and lisina: arginine important for is adjusted use of
amino acids. In this study, the best ones resulted of performance had been
gotten with the diets contend relation digestible energy: digestible protein of
122:1 and 127:1 and digestible lisina relation: digestible arginine of 0,72:1
and 0,77:1, with the diets I contend 25,2 and 24.3% of PD, respectively.
Kaushik
et al. (1988), in study carried through with trout rainbow, they had told that
the increase in the content of arginine in the diet increased the digestibilidade
of this amino acid and diminished the digestibilidade of the lisina, indicating
that it has competition enters these amino acids for absorption in the thin
intestine. Berge et al. (2002), in study carried through with salmon-of -
Atlantic, they had observed that the growth and the conversion had improved in
the fish fed with diets contend limitantes levels of lisina and high levels of
arginine. However, in the diets with limitantes levels of arginine and high
levels of lisina, improvement in the growth of the fish was not observed. In
this study, in all the diets, the arginine levels had been remained above of
the described requirements for the NRC (1993) for the tilápias.
Quadratic
effect (P<0,05) of the digestible protein levels was verified in the
excreção of fecal nitrogen, being esteem the value of 24,93% of PD for the
biggest excreção of fecal nitrogen (Figure 3).
.png)
In
experiment with carp-greater-of - indian (rohita Labeo), Chakraborty
& Chakraborty (1998) had observed increase in the excreção of ammonia with
the increase of the protein ingested for these fish. Engin & the Carter
(2001), in study with youthful of conger-eel (Anguilla australis), had
observed increase of the tax of excreção of ammonia with higher protein levels
in the diet. The results gotten in this experiment had confirmed the joined
ones for Webb & Gatlin (2003), that they had observed reduction in the
excreção of ammonia in “red drum” fed with diets with lesser protein text.
Viola
& Lahan (1991) had observed minor excreção of nitrogen for the fed common
carp with diet contend 25% of PB in comparison to a diet with 30% of PB. The
excreção was still lesser in the fish fed with the diet with 25% of PB
supplemented with lisina and metionina. These results are in accordance with
found for Rodehutscord et al. (1994), in study carried through with trout
rainbow. These authors had observed to be possible to reduce in 16% the
excreção of nitrogen in supplemented diets contend glúten of maize and with
synthetic amino acids.
Cheng et
al. (2003), in study with trout rainbow, they had on the basis of observed that
the diet with 37% of PB (vegetal source) resulted in lesser total ammoniac
nitrogen discharge for the fish in relation to that one with same protein
content, formulated the fish flour. These authors had observed despite, in
diets I contend vegetal protein source and supplemented with synthetic amino
acids, the excreção of nitrogen was reduced in 26% in comparison to the
excreção observed with the diet contends fish flour.
In this
study, he did not have effect of the digestible protein levels on the
hematócrito and tax of hemoglobina (Table 3). To the
exception of the value of hemoglobina found in the fish fed with the diet I
contend 22.7% of PD, the hematócrito data and hemoglobina in this study had
been superior to the averages of the described values for Tavares-Day &
Moraes (2004), of 28,58% and 7,97 g/dL, respectively, in works carried through
with tilápias-of - the Nile in captivity.
.png)
The
protein content of the diets did not influence the weight and income of carcass
and filé. However, in the fish fed with the diet I contend 25.2% of PD had
gotten bigger incomes of carcass (1.6%) and of filé (1.43%) in relation to
those fed with the diet it has controlled. The biggest incomes of carcass and
filé had been probably related to the suplementação of lisina, metionina and
treonina, used for the muscular fabric synthesis, as explained for Bailey
(1989).
As
demonstrated in Table 4, it did not
have effect of the digestible protein levels on the chemical composition of the
carcass. The results of the works carried through with diets I contend
different protein levels do not prove effect on the composition of the carcass
of the fish, in contrast to when the protein it was evaluated together with
energy levels, as observed for Lee & Kim (2001), Allan & Booth (2004)
and Bechara et al. (2005), in studies carried through with youthful of salmon
“masu”, “to silver perch” and pacu, respectively.
.png)
The fat
deposition narrowly is related to the amino acid balancing and the relation
energy/protein of the diet. However, the weight of the fish must be considered,
therefore it expects that those of bigger weight present greater content of
corporal fat. In this study, despite the fish fed with the diet I contend 25.2%
of PD have presented the biggest final weight, these fish had had minor
percentage of fat in filés.
In Table 5 the average
values of cost in diet for kilo of weight profit and the cost of the diet for
kilo of profit in filé of tilápias-of meet - Nile fed with diets I contend
different digestible protein levels created in tank-net. The reduction of the
digestible protein content did not influence custo/kg of weight profit and
custo/kg of profit in filé.
.png)
The increase
in the suplementação of synthetic amino acids resulted in rise in the cost of
the kilogram of the diet. On the other hand, when considered the cost in diet
for kilogram of weight profit and the cost in diet for kilogram of profit of
weight in filés, the relation cost/benefit practically remained constant, to
the exception of custo/kg profit in filé gotten for the fish fed with the diet
contends 22.7%. In practical terms, it is possible to consider that the
reduction in the time of abates for the attainment of fish with bigger weight
and greater carcass income certainly results in bigger economic benefit to the
producer.
It proved
possibility to reduce the value of digestible protein of the diet of tilápias
of 27 for 24,3% of PD, without damages to the growth, the use of the protein of
the diet, to the income and to the composition of the carcass, without causing
anemia to the fish and modifying the cost of dieta/kg of I earn of alive weight
and in filés. Similar results had been observed by Cheng et al. (2003) and
Yamamoto et al. (2005) in studies carried through with the trout rainbows, that
had made possible the reduction of 42 for 37% of PB and 45 for 31% of PB,
respectively, without damages to the performance. Moreover, these authors had
verified reduction in the excreção of ammoniac nitrogen for the fish fed with
the diet contend lesser protein text.
The
reduction of the protein text in the diets of the fish is important to diminish
the cost with feeding. Moreover, it diminishes excreção of nitrogen in water,
what it assists in the sustainable production of fish, mainly when in
conditions of high densities, when the supply is necessary, exclusively, of the
balanced diets.
The
results gotten in this study had proven to be possible to elaborate balanced
diets with reduction of 10% in the digestible protein content stop tilápias-of
- the Nile. These results had been gotten with the supply of diets supplemented
with amino acids (on the basis of the ideal protein concept), with values of
energy, digestible protein and amino acids and available match.
Conclusions
It is
possible to reduce the digestible protein text of 27 (29.1% of rude protein)
for 24,3% (26.6% of rude protein) in diets stops tilápias-of - the Nile created
in tank-net. This reduction can be gotten by means of the suplementação of
amino acids (on the basis of the ideal protein concept), considering the
performance of the fish and the economic analysis of the production system.
Cited
literature
AL-HAFEDH,
Y.S. Effects of dietary protein on growth and body composition of Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research, v.30, p.385-393,
1999.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
ALLAN,
G.L. ; BOOTH, M.A. The effects of dietary digestible protein and digestible
energy content of protein retention efficiency of juvenile to silver perch (Bidyanus
bidyanus). Aquaculture, v.35, p.970-980, 2004.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
BAILEY,
A.J. Molecular and to fiber structure of collagen. In: Bailey, A.J. ; LIGHT,
N.D. (Eds.) Connective tissue in meat and meals products. London:
Elsevier, 1989. p.35-48.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
BECHARA,
J.A. ; ROUX, J.P. ; DIAZ, F.J.R et al. The effect of dietary protein level on
pond to water quality and feed utilization efficiency of pacu Piaractus
mesopotamicus. Aquaculture Research, v.36, p.546-553, 2005.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
BERGE,
G.E. ; SUEIER, H.; LIED, E. Effects of feeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo to
salar) imbalanced levels of lysine and arginine. Aquaculture Nutrition,
v.8, p.239-248, 2002.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
CHAKRABORTY,
S.C. ; CHAKRABORTY, S. ammonia Effect of dietary protein level on excretion of
in Indian major carp (rohita Labeo), fingerlings. Aquaculture
Nutrition, v.4, p.47-51, 1998.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
CHENG,
Z.J. ; HARDY, R.W. ; USRY, J.L. Plant protein ingredients with lysine
supplementation reduce dietary protein level in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) diets, and reduce ammonia nitrogen and soluble phosphorus
excretion. Aquaculture, v.218, p.553-565, 2003.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
COWEY,
C.B. ; WALTON, M.J. Intermediary metabolism. In: HALVER, J.E. (Ed.) Fish
nutrition. 2.ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989. p.259-329.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
Davies,
S.J. ; Morris, P.C. Amino Influence of multiple acids supplementation on the
performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed soya
based diets. Aquaculture Research, v.28, p.65-74, 1997.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
EL-SAYDI,
D.M.S.D. ; GABER, M.M.A. Effect of dietary protein levels and feeding rates on
growth performance, production traits and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus), cultured in concrete tanks. Aquaculture Research, v.36,
p.163-171, 2005.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
ENGIN,
K.; CARTER, C.G. Urea Ammonia and excretion rates of juveniles Australian
shorts-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis) influenced by dietary
protein level. Aquaculture, v.194, p.123-136, 2001.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
EUCLYDES,
R.F. Manual of use of program SAEG (System for analyses statistics and
genetics). Viçosa, MG: Federal university of Viçosa, 1983. 59p.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
FURUYA,
W.M. ; HAYASHI, C.; FURUYA, V.R.B et al. Protein requirement for reverted alevino
of tilápia of the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus). Brazilian magazine of
Zootecnia, v.29, n.6, p.1912-1917, 2000.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
FURUYA,
W.M. ; PEZZATO, L.E. ; MIRANDA, E.C et al. Coefficients of digestibilidade and
values of digestible amino acids of some ingredients for the tilápia of the
Nile (Oreochromis niloticus). Brazilian magazine of Zootecnia,
v.30, n.4, p.1125-1131, 2001.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
FURUYA,
W.M. ; SILVA, L.C.R. ; SNOWS, P.R et al. Requirement of metionina+cistina for
alevinos of tilápia of the Nile, Oreochromis niloticus. Agricultural
science, v.34, n.6, p.1933-1937, 2004a.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
FURUYA,
W.M. ; BOTARO, D.; SNOWS, P.R. Requirement of lisina for the tilápia of the
Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) in the termination phase. Agricultural
science, v.34, n.6, p.1933-1937, 2004b.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
JAIN,
N.C. Schalm's veterinary haematology. 4.ed. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1986. 1221p.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
JAUNCEY,
K.; Ross, B. guide you the tilapia feed and feeding. Scotland:
University of Stirling, 1982. 111p.
[Try Similar Google] []
[Try Similar Google] []
KAUSHIK,
S.J.; FAUCONNEAU, B.; TERRIER, L. et al. Arginine requirement and status
assessed by different biochemical indices in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri.
Aquaculture, v.70, p.75-95, 1988.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
KIM,
K-IL. Re-evaluation of protein and amino acid requirements of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss). Aquaculture, v.151, p.3-7, 1997.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
LEE,
S-M.; KIM, K-D. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on the growth,
protein utilizaion and body composition of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus
masou). Aquaculture Research, v.32, p.39-45, 2001.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
MURAI,
T.; AKIYAMA, T.; WATANABE, T. et al. Effects of dietary protein and lipids
levels on performance and carcass composition of fingerlings carp (Cyprinus
carpo). Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
v.54, p.605-608, 1985.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
NATIONAL
RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC Nutrient requirements of warmwater fishes and
shellfishes. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993. 102p.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
Nose, T.
On the digestion of food protein by gold-fish (Carassius auratus) L.)
and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus G.). Bulletin Freshwater Fish
Research Laboratory, v.10, p.11-22, 1960.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
ODUM, O.;
EJIKE, C. Aspects of amino acid utilization in the cichlid (Oreochromis
niloticus). Acta Hidrobiology, v.33, p.345-352, 1991.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
OLLI, J.;
KROGDAHL, A. Alcohol soluble components of soybean seem to reduce fat
digestibility in fish-meal-based diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Aquaculture Research, v.26, p.831-835, 1995.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
PEZZATO,
L.E.; PACKER. I.V.; PEZZATO, A.C. et al. Efeito de níveis de proteína sobre o
crescimento da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), submetida a
reversão sexual. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE AQUICULTURA, 5., 1986, Cuiabá. Anais...
Cuiabá: 1986, p.70-71.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
PEZZATO,
L.E.; MIRANDA, E.C.; BARROS, M.M. et al. Digestibilidade aparente de
ingredientes pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.31, n.4, p.1595-1604, 2002.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
PLAKAS,
S.M.; KATAYAMA, T. Apparent digestibilities of amino acids from three regions
of the gastrointestinal tract of carp (Cyprinus carpo) after ingestion
of a protein and corresponding free amino acid diet. Aquaculture, v.24,
p.309-314, 1981.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
POPMA,
T.J.; GREEN, B.W. Sex reversal of tilapia in earthen ponds. Aquaculture
production manual. Alabama: Alburn University, Alabama Research and
Development, 1990. 15p. (Series 35).
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
RODEHUTSCORD,
M.; BORCHERT, F.; GREGUS, Z. et al. Availability and utilization of free lysine
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. Comparison of L-lysine -HCl
and L-lysine sulphate. Aquaculture, v.187, p.177-183, 1994.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
SADIKU,
S.O.E.; JAUNCEY, K. Digestibility, apparent amino acid availability and waste
generation potential of soybean flour: poultry meat blend based diets for tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus (L), fingerling. Aquacutlure Research,
v.26, p.651-657, 1995.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
SANTIAGO,
C.B.; LOVELL, R.T. Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal
of Nutrition, v.118, p.1540-1546, 1988.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
SILVA,
D.J; QUEIROZ, A.C. Análise de alimentos (métodos químicos e biológicos).
3.ed. Viçosa, MG: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2002. 235p.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
SILVA,
S.S.; GUNASEKARA, R.M.; ATAPATU, D. The dietary protein requirements of young
tilapia and an evaluation of the least cost of dietary protein levels. Aquaculture,
v.80, p.271-284, 1989.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
SCHUHMACHER,
A.; WAX, C.; GROPP, J.M. Plasma amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) fed intact protein or a crystalline amino acid diet. Aquaculture,
v.151, p.15-28, 1997.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
TANTIKITTI,
C.; MARCH, B.E. Dynamics of plasma free amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) under variety of dietary conditions. Fish Physiology &
Biochemistry, v.14, p.179-194, 1995.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
TAVARES-DIAS,
M.; MOURA, F.R.M. Hematologia de peixes teleósteos. 1.ed. Ribeirão
Preto: 2004. 144p.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
VIOLA,
S.; LAHAN, E. Effects of lisyne supplementation in practical dcarp feeds on
total protein sparing and reduction of pollution. The Israeli Journal of
Aquaculture, v.43, p.112-1128, 1991.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
WEBB,
K.A.; GATLIN, D.M. Effects of dietary protein level and form on production
characteristics and ammonia excretion of red drum Sciaenopss ocellatus. Aquaculture,
v.225, p.17-26, 2003.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
YAMAMOTO,
T.; SUGITA, T.; FURUITA, H. et al. Plasma amino acid changes in rainbow trout
force-fed casein and corresponding amino acid mixture. Bulletin of Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, v.47, p.1035-1040, 1981.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
YAMAMOTO,
T.; SUGITA, T.; FURUITA, H. Essential amino acid supplementation to fish
meal-based diets with low protein to energy ratios improves the protein
utilization in juvenile rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Aquaculture,
2005 (in press).
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
ZARATE,
D.D.; LOVELL, R.T. Free lysine (L-lysine.HCl) is utilized for growth less
efficiently than protein-bound lysine (soybean meal) in practical diets by
young channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture, v.159,
p.87-100, 1997.
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
[ Try Google ] [ Similar ]
Recebido:
25/10/05
Aprovado: 07/12/06
Aprovado: 07/12/06
Correspondências
devem ser enviadas para: danibot13@biof.ufrj.br
No comments:
Post a Comment